Remove Archive/Tag/Author Prefix from Archive Title

You can use the following filter for this:

add_filter( 'get_the_archive_title', function ($title) {
    if ( is_category() ) {
        $title = single_cat_title( '', false );
    } elseif ( is_tag() ) {
        $title = single_tag_title( '', false );
    } elseif ( is_author() ) {
        $title = '<span class="vcard">' . get_the_author() . '</span>' ;
    } elseif ( is_tax() ) { //for custom post types
        $title = sprintf( __( '%1$s' ), single_term_title( '', false ) );
    } elseif (is_post_type_archive()) {
        $title = post_type_archive_title( '', false );
    }
    return $title;
});

This uses the get_the_archive_title filter. Learn more in WordPress Hooks Explained.